Properties of Engineering Materials free essay sample

Building materials Choice of materials for a machine component relies particularly upon its properties, cost, accessibility and such different elements. It is along these lines critical to have some thought of the normal building materials and their properties before learning the subtleties of structure method. Regular designing materials are typically delegated metals and nonmetals. Metals may advantageously be isolated into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Significant ferrous metals for the current reason for existing are: (I) Cast iron (ii) fashioned iron (iii) steel. A portion of the significant non-ferrous metals utilized in building configuration are: (a) Light metal gathering, for example, aluminum and its combinations, magnesium and Manganese composites. (b) Copper based combinations, for example, metal (Cu-Zn), bronze (Cu-Sn). (c) White metal gathering, for example, nickel, silver, white bearing metals e. g. Determination measures for building materials The choice of material, for designing reasons for existing, is one of the most troublesome issue for fashioner. The best material is one which serves the ideal goal at the base expense. The accompanying components ought to be thought of while choosing the material: 1. Accessibility of the materials. . Reasonableness of the materials for the working conditions in administration. 3. The expense of the material. 4. Its defenselessness to erosion. 5. Its physical, substance just as warm solidness. 6. Material must withstand administration requests. For example, dimensional steadiness, satisfactory quality, durability, warm conductivity and so forth 7. The degree of the anxieties initiated. 8. Factor of security wanted. 9. The underlying worries during the material preparing. 10. Its thickness, dissolving point, breaking point at the working conditions. 11. The degree of surface completion required. 12. Manufacture necessity. 13. Simplicity of joining, fix by welding and so forth 4. Superfluity and recyclability. 15. The style of the material. 16. Concoction nature of the material. 17. Ecological conditions. Mechanical properties of building materials Elasticity This is the property of a material to recapture its unique shape after twisting when the outer powers are evacuated. All materials are plastic somewhat however the degree changes, for instance, both mellow steel and elastic will be versatile materials yet steel is more flexible than elastic. Versatility This is related with the perpetual distortion of material when the anxiety surpasses the yield point. Under plastic conditions materials in a perfect world distort with no expansion in stress Strength It is the capacity of a material to oppose misshapening. The quality of a segment is typically viewed as dependent on the greatest burden that can be borne before disappointment is obvious. On the off chance that under basic pressure the changeless disfigurement (plastic strain) that happens in a segment before disappointment, the heap conveying limit, at the moment of definite crack, will likely be not exactly the greatest burden bolstered at a lower strain on the grounds that the heap is being applied over essentially littler cross-sectional region. Under straightforward pressure, the heap at break will be the most extreme relevant over a fundamentally broadened territory contrasted and the cross-sectional region under no heap. Pliability It is all the more usually characterized as the capacity of a material to distort effectively upon the use of a malleable power, or as the capacity of a material to withstand plastic disfigurement without burst. Pliability may likewise be thought of as far as twist capacity and crushability. This is the property of the material that empowers it to be attracted out or prolonged to an apparent degree before burst happens. The rate extension or rate decrease in territory before crack of a test example is the proportion of pliability. Ordinarily if rate prolongation surpasses 15% the material is flexible and in the event that it is under 5%the material is weak. Lead, copper, aluminum, gentle steel are common pliable materials. Pliable materials show huge disfigurement before break. The absence of pliability is regularly named weakness. For the most part, if two materials have a similar quality and hardness, the one that has the higher flexibility is increasingly attractive. The pliability of numerous metals can change if conditions are adjusted. An expansion in temperature will build pliability. A decline in temperature will cause decline inductility and a change from flexible to weak conduct Malleability Where flexibility is the capacity of a material to twist effectively upon the utilization of a ductile power, pliability is the capacity of a metal to show huge misshapening or plastic reaction when being exposed to compressive power. It is an extraordinary instance of malleability where it very well may be folded into slim sheets yet it isn't important to be so solid. Lead, delicate steel, fashioned iron, copper and aluminum are a few materials arranged by lessening flexibility. Uniform compressive power causes distortion in the way appeared in Figure 7. The material agreements pivotally with the power and extends along the side. Limitation because of grating at the contact faces actuates pivotal strain outwardly. Ductile powers work around the circuit with the horizontal development or expanding size. Plastic stream at the focal point of the material additionally prompts strain. Consequently, the basis of break (that is, the constraint of plastic disfigurement) for a plastic material is probably going to rely upon pliable as opposed to compressive pressure. Temperature change may adjust both the plastic stream mode and the crack mode. Durability The quality known as sturdiness depicts the manner in which a material responds under unexpected effects. This is the property which empowers a material to be turned, twisted or extended under effect burden or high worry before burst. It might be viewed as the capacity of the material to ingest vitality in the plastic zone. The proportion of strength is the measure of vitality assimilated subsequent to being focused on upto the purpose of crack. It is characterized as The work required to twist one cubic inch of metal until it cracks. Sturdiness is estimated by the Charpy test or the Izod test. Both of these tests utilize an indented test. The area and state of the indent are standard. The purposes of help of the example, just as the effect of the mallet, must bear a consistent relationship to the area of the indent. Hardness is the property of a material that empowers it to oppose plastic misshapening, infiltration, space, and scratching. In this way, hardness is significant from a designing viewpoint since protection from wear by either grinding or disintegration by steam, oil, and water for the most part increments with hardness. A few techniques have been created for hardness testing. Those regularly utilized are Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Tukon, Sclerscope, and the documents test. The initial four depend on space tests and the fifth on the bounce back stature of a precious stone tipped metallic sledge. The record test sets up the attributes of how well a document takes a nibble on the material. Creep When a part is exposed to a steady burden over a significant stretch of time it experiences a moderate perpetual distortion and this is named as â€Å"creep†. This is subject to temperature. Typically at raised temperatures creep is high. Flexibility This is the property of the material that empowers it to oppose stun and sway by putting away vitality. The proportion of flexibility is the strain vitality assimilated per unit volume. For a bar of length L exposed to tractable burden P, a direct burden diversion plot is appeared in figure-Brittleness-This is inverse to pliability. Weak materials show little twisting before break and disappointment happen abruptly with no notice. Regularly if the prolongation is under 5% the material is viewed as weak. E. g. cast iron, glass, earthenware production are ordinary weak materials. Weakness Fatigue is a marvel related with variable stacking or all the more decisively to cyclic pushing or stressing of a material. Similarly as we people get weakness when a particular undertaking is over and over performed, along these lines metallic segments exposed to variable stacking get weariness, which prompts their untimely disappointment under explicit conditions. Weakness stacking is essentially the sort of stacking which causes cyclic varieties in the applied pressure or strain on a segment. Consequently any factor stacking is fundamentally a weariness stacking. Stress Concentration In building up a machine it is difficult to stay away from changes in cross-area, holes,notches, shoulders and so forth. A few models are appeared in figure Any such brokenness in a part influences the pressure dispersion in the area and the irregularity goes about as a pressure raiser. at whatever point a machine segment changes the state of its cross segment, the basic pressure dispersion doesn't holds great and the area of intermittence is distinctive this abnormality in the pressure circulation brought about by unexpected changes of structure is called pressure fixation. It happens for a wide range of worries in the prescence of filets, indents, openings, keyways, splines, surface unpleasantness or scratches and so forth the nominalstress morally justified and left sides, of the previously mentioned parts, will be uniform yet in the area where the cross segment is changing, a re-dispersion of the power whithin the part should take plac. The material close to the edges is focused on significantly higher than the normal worth. The most extreme pressure happens eventually on the filet and is guided corresponding to the boundry by then. Theoratical or structure pressure fixation factor The theoratical or structure pressure focus factor is characterized as the proportion of the most extreme worry in a part (at an indent or filet) to the ostensible worry at a similar segment dependent on net zone. Scientifically, theoratical or structure pressure focus factor. Kt = Maximum pressure Nominal pressure Methods of diminishing pressure fixation various techniques are accessible to decrease pressure focus in machineparts. Some of them are as per the following: 1. Give a filet r

Carmen Free Essays

Development, space and elements are utilized in Mat Ek’s work Carmen to depict the different characters all through the piece and to decide their connections thusly increasing a more prominent comprehension of the characters and the story. Micaela (M) is a good and satisfactory lady who is faithful to her life partner however is continually driving him and affecting his conduct throughout everyday life. The principal development we see from M is at a low stature with falling, rehashed compressions which give us an underlying thought of her quiet nearness among her life partner Don Jose while he is chatting with the other solider depicting the possibility of her terrorizing of other men. We will compose a custom article test on Carmen or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Her developments are bended fit as a fiddle however still powerful, sharp and have a punch like power about them which gives the thought she is heart of Jose, giving his headings and rules of how the carry on. She then advances into a ton of supporting developments, which she consistently movements upward, giving the impression and the likeness of energy about existence and her reliability toward Don Jose. Imagery of a desire to have a youngster happens at 0. 33 using bended â€Å"cradle-like† movements which shows the couples want to settle down and be a family. There is additionally a monotonous floor design as M regularly ventures from Don Jose yet then voyages legitimately back towards his speaking to her devotion and dedication as she generally comes back to her life partner and furthermore the possibility of her steady nearness. M’s elements at that point accept an abrupt change as she isn't longer performing contracted, shut developments in a dull nature which depicted her optimal feministic nature of being faithful and she presently has a less controlled nature about her performing awry kicks and differentiating shapes as she appears to let free the further she adventures from Jose which represents her spirit association with him as she generally returns back. The two part harmony performed by M and Don Jose see’s M come back to her unique roundabout, bended shape developments and we see Jose’s harmony with her, constantly a stage behind which gives a sense she is demonstrating him the way. Both of their developments are free yet substantial and they have a bended shape about them inferring the shrouded control and strain between them yet in addition the daze they set each other in as the show up somewhat â€Å"playful† and constantly drawn upwards with elevated levels and solid motions, for example, lifting M up at 1:39 and high suspension developments at 1:09 to the sky representing the sentiment of being content and cheerful. Jose’s consistent after of M and his position in space of continually being marginally behind M represents his bashfulness and the controlling nature his life partner has over him. At 1:44 we see M and Jose connecting arms with M highlighting the course she wishes to head while Jose takes a gander at her in esteem and anticipating her next motion again depicting the possibility of her driving and controlling force she has over him and his compliance to this force. As the gathering of female artists come in we see a sensational change in the elements and developments of the move as in contrast with M, these artists have a significantly more open body position about them with a lot more prominent utilization of the whole kinosphere of every person. The utilization of numerous kicks and turns which take up a lot of room around the artist show their certainty and high confidence. At 2:45 the young ladies play out a controlled turn as they have a solid stance and arm position with head titled towards the sky to pass on a solid, open shape which further depicts the possibility of the certainty and â€Å"teasing† nature they have in the guys nearness. As the guys and female play out an immediate trade in sides we see the guys perform free, uncontrolled arm developments which shows the wild urge they need to go and â€Å"dance† with the young ladies and how insane they females make them alongside the to and fro floor design the young ladies make as they trade sides and they lead the young men in and afterward head back the other course which likewise passes on the prodding idea of the females. At 3:12 the guys play out a percussive development as the floor design drives them towards the females which underscores their energy, yet the reality they are surrendering to the females which remarks on the force the ladies gangs over the men. The floor design shows the guys constantly behind and following in the females ways, nearly rehashing comparable developments that the females do which further underscores the possibility of the females controlling the guys activities and the guys pursuing them. This thought is likewise at long last show at 3:29 when the females run over the backs of the guys indicating their strength and control over them. Escamillo, the certain and wanted new man around passes on the possibility of his certainty and control over everybody in his emotional section at 3:39 as the main development we see of him is an open, solid and precise hop venturing out to arrange front. This hop naturally gives us the possibility of his prevalence over every other person. His developments are sharp and precise which the choreographer to pass on his certain, incredible ersonality and his fascinating utilization of controlled and emotional elements of developments. The last area performed by the young ladies shows a mollify, less controlling side of them which is imparted by their utilization of bended, delicate developments and feeble elements and movements and shows the possibility of their deference and desire toward Escamillo. Taking everything into account, the utili zation of different elements, development and space is utilized in the concentrate to depict the characters, their feelings and decide connections and further improve and increase a superior comprehension of the characters to generally pass on the story. Step by step instructions to refer to Carmen, Papers

Essay on Global Financial Crisis in Middle East

Essay on Global Financial Crisis in Middle East Global Financial Crisis and Equity Markets in Middle East Countries Mar 26, 2018 in Economics Introduction Although there have been many financial crises in the history of the world economy, the financial crisis that occurred between 2008 and 2009 was one of the most influential. This crisis had a bigger magnitude and was of a different nature. According to Onour (2010), global market equities dropped to all-time low of 22% by the end of February 2009 from 51% in 2007. This was 56% drop in the value of equity markets, a situation, which had never been witnessed before. The level of risk exposure to this crisis of countries in the Middle East differed from country to country. Some countries in the region were affected more than others. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar, which had been investing more actively in foreign assets such as bonds in the United States of America, were adversely affected by this decline in the value of stocks. Although only few banks in the Gulf Corporation dared to publicly admit they experienced losses as a result of this, facts show that many were affected as they invested heavily in equity markets. This spillover effect of equity markets affected many aspects of the economy of these countries (World Bank, 2011).

Common Risk Factors For Cancer Essay - 1104 Words

Bone Cancer Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer cells are normal cells mutated. Like a normal cell, about to go into the cell division cycle they grow very large. It becomes different when it divides into two but both of them stay alive. According to World Health Organization (WHO), common risk factors for cancer include: tobacco use, Alcohol use, overweight and obesity, dietary factors, including insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, chronic infections from helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), some types of human papillomavirus (HPV), environmental and occupational risks including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. In the world the most common cancer are lung, breast, colorectum, stomach and liver. In 2012 1.59 million people from lung cancer, 521,000 people from breast cancer, 694,000 people from colorectal cancer, 723,000 people from stomach cancer and 745, 000 people from liver cancer. In the United States the most common cancers are bladder, breast, colon and rectal (combined), endometrial and kidney. In 2016 about 16,390 people died from bladder cancer, 40,450- 440 for breast, 49,190 for colon and rectal, 10,470 for endometrial and 14,240 for kidney. The cancer I’m researching is bone cancer. Bone cancer is a mass of unusual cell growth in the bone. Most bone tumors aren’t cancers though. 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According to the American Cancer Society (2013) states, â€Å"Genetic risk factors are those that are part of our DNA (the substance that makes up our genes)† (American Cancer Society

Effects of Technology in Digital Nation - 541 Words

The film â€Å" Digital Nation† is an exploration of diverse peoples views on digital media, in todays world. Some of the most important topics were on the virtual world, and the pros and cons of technology within different groups like gamers, students, families, teachers, administrators, children, military and businesses, as well as the experience of general people. In the movie, Prof. Sherry Turkle said, â€Å"Technology challenges us to assert our human values. Technology is not good or bad, is powerful, and it is complicated which means first we have to figure out what they are†. Currently, technology has taken over, wherever one, goes one will find it. Over the past years, social media in particular have spread worldwide; from Facebook to Instagram. There is constantly something new, extra advanced and creative. Overall, the technology has evolved the way humans interact with each other. In particular, technology influences by motivating students towards learning, saving time, building literacy and communication skills. As shown in the film, a middle school in New York, which was at risk of being closed by the city because poor academic performance of the school had students who lacked interest in studying until a new principle allowed them to use computers as a tool for education. Therefore, the students were fascinated to learn which increase their percentage in Math from the previous one. Including, a change in their behavior like fewer fights, and higher attendance.Show MoreRelatedEffect of Technology on Students with the Film, Digital Nation560 Words   |  2 PagesThe film â€Å"Digital Nation† explored defining space in the new digital world. It talked about the virtual world, pros and cons of technology for different groups like gamers, students, families, teachers, administrators, children, military and businesses further the experience of common people. 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Issues such as relationship compatibility are prominent. Digital addiction and cyberbullying can lead to serious life-changing health issues. In our ever-growing technological world, more digital appliances

Report Writing Style and Structure Free Essays

string(143) " sentences The concluding sentence is used to reiterate the main points developed by the support sentences, and signal the end of a paragraph\." Report Writing: Style and Structure Summary Writing a report can seem daunting at first, but with a solid understanding of the fundamental structure and style used in constructing clear and concise reports, it can be achieved. The standard report format is as follows: Title, Summary, Introduction, Body, Conclusions, Recommendations, Appendix, References and Table of Contents. We will first look at how to prepare a report before the writing begins. We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing: Style and Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning objectives At the end of the session, students will be able to: †¢ Write with a specific purpose and audience in mind †¢ Structure sentences, paragraphs and reports Write clearly and concisely Purpose and audience Before writing a report you should first identify some key factors, which will help you plan your approach and write with clarity. The first question you should ask yourself is, â€Å"what is the purpose of the report? † Purpose â€Å"What is it about, and what is it for? † It is beneficial to establish the purpose of your report before you start writing, so that you can think clearly on the subject, and produce a report styled to fit the needs of your purpose. Recognize what your report is for, (informing, instructing, guiding) and focus your writing on explaining the details. If for example, you want to write an instructional report for a team of colleagues, you know that you must focus your writing on providing clear concise instructions, which will allow your reader to comprehend the processes that you are describing. Audience â€Å"Who are you writing for? † The second question you should ask yourself is, â€Å"who is going to read this report and why? † Knowing your audience will help you determine how long your report should be, how it should be presented, and what level of terminology you should use to best attract and maintain the interest of your reader. If for example, you are writing a report to inform policy makers, you would want to focus on presenting your evidence clearly and concisely. We will now try an exercise on identifying audience and purpose: Exercise one Malaria Prevention You are a Health worker at the Ministry Of Health and have been asked to write a report on Malaria. You have access to the figures on Malaria incidents in the Country over the last five years, as well as access to the latest info on drugs and other barriers to prevent Malaria. 1. Describe the purpose of your report, and identify your audience. The sentence Now that we know how to identify our audience and define a purpose, we will look at how to write clearly and succinctly. Understanding how to structure a sentence is essential to conveying meaning clearly. Following are a few rules of thumb to help avoid ambiguous sentences: †¢ Keep it short and to the point. Many people have trouble with run-on sentences, creating ambiguity by attaching many ideas together with large combinations of commas, semicolons and dashes. Complete one thought and close out your sentence with end punctuation. †¢ Words for words sake. Avoid extraneous words, and parentheses that do not add to your point. †¢ Don’t leave it hanging. Sentence fragments can be just as confusing as run-on sentences. Make sure that you have completed your sentence and that it makes sense, before closing it out. For a comprehensive explanation of the inner workings of sentences and grammar, you can visit the links below. Sentence help: http://www2. actden. com/writ_den/tips/sentence/index. htm Grammar help: http://www. speakspeak. com/html/d10_english_grammar. htm We will now look over some common errors that can convolute sentences and obscure meaning. Sentence Fragment â€Å"Mark has finished his work on time. Since he started planning ahead. † The second sentence is a fragment here, because it does not contain enough information to complete a thought. Most sentence fragments are phrases that belong to the previous thought. To correct the problem in this instance, we simply remove the period. Correct â€Å"Mark has finished his work on time since he started planning ahead. † Run-on sentence â€Å"Jane loves Tom he is a good friend. † A run-on sentence occurs when you have two complete sentences that are not separated by correct punctuation. In this case we can correct it with a comma and a linking word, or by using a period. Correct â€Å"Jane loves Tom, because he is a good friend. † â€Å"Jane loves Tom. He is a good friend. † Exercise 2 Correct the following sentence fragments and run-on sentences. We will play Cricket tomorrow. If it doesn’t rain. In our survey we contacted 212 members of government 110 members of government responded. In order to obtain funding. You have to write clear concise reports. Michael loves to write reports he is talented at it and his wife’s name is Shelly. Structuring Sentences, Paragraphs and Reports Tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them. † The diagram below is an excellent example on how to write clearly and logically. We will now look at each part of this â€Å"map† and then see how the pieces come together. [pic] Introduction Introductory paragraph The introduction should explain the general ideas to come, as well as your thesis statement, which tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the report. The rest of the report should gather evidence and organize a case around your thesis statement. Topic sentences A topic sentence is like a mini introduction to the body of your paragraph. Your topic sentence should explain what the body of the paragraph will cover, (just like your introduction explains what to expect in the report). It is a good idea to â€Å"map† out your report, by first writing topic sentences for each of the different paragraphs or sections of your report. 2. Body Support sentences Support sentences are the body of paragraphs. This is the section of your report that serves to provide evidence and examples that reinforce your thesis statement. Support sentences are also used to clearly explain and underpin main ideas. . Conclusion Concluding sentences The concluding sentence is used to reiterate the main points developed by the support sentences, and signal the end of a paragraph. You read "Report Writing: Style and Structure" in category "Essay examples" They are also useful for adding emphasis to certain key points, through repetition. We will now look at how to cr eate the different parts of a report outside of the general writing, which are: Title, Summary, Recommendations, Appendix, References, and Table of Contents. Title The title is your first contact with the reader, and should inform them succinctly about what they are about to read. Summary The purpose of a summary is to provide an overview of the report. It is not necessary to give detailed information in the summary, but rather to provide an indication of the type of information that the report contains. Average summaries are between 100-150 words, and are generally written after the report has been completed, so that you know exactly what you are summarizing. Recommendations Recommendations are not an essential part of a report; however, if you are including one, it should follow from your conclusion. A brief statement clearly declaring your recommendations will suffice. Appendix An appendix contains materials that are peripheral, but relevant to your report. For example you may wish to include a glossary of terms in your appendix if you are writing a technical report for those who are not experts on the subject. You may also include copies of research tools such as questionnaires and manuals, as well as tables and diagrams that you feel would disrupt the flow of your report by breaking it up. If your appendix does contain tables, diagrams etc. , make sure to label them properly, so that the can easily be found when referenced. References If you have consulted or quoted any media sources, (print or otherwise) to help you compile your report, they must be acknowledged here, as well as in the text. Citing your resources not only avoids running into plagiarism issues, but strengthens your work by backing up your report with evidence from the work of others. If you are quoting directly from someone else, the quote must be followed by the author’s surname and date of publication in round brackets, e. g. Calvino (1983). A standard bibliography is an alphabetized list ordered by Author’s surnames. For a book you must include: the author’s surname and full name, or initials; the full title of the book; the edition (if other than the first); the place of publication; the publisher, and the date of publication, e. g. Calvino, Italo. Palomar. Torino: S. P. A. , 1983. For a complete guide to correct citation, visit: http://www. liu. edu/cwis/CWP/library/workshop/citmla. htm Table of Contents A table of contents is a page containing numbers that correspond to different parts of your report, allowing readers to jump between sections quickly. Number and title the different portions of your report, (such as â€Å"1. 2 Medical advancements in treating Malaria† â€Å"1. 3 Government funding for treating Malaria† â€Å"2. 1 References† etc. ) and then create a corresponding list of contents that lists the page number as well as the reference number, which should be sequential, starting from the summary. A good starting point for mapping out your table of contents is to do it corresponding to your topic sentences. Below is an example of a â€Å"mapped† checklist that puts all of the steps we have learned together followed by a table of contents. It is a good guidance tool to use when preparing to write a report. The â€Å"mapped† checklist is modeled on the Malaria prevention exercise we completed earlier. â€Å"Mapped† Checklist for Malaria Prevention 1. Who is it for? Health workers in district offices. 2. What is it about? Malaria prevention – success stories over the last five years. 3. Title Let’s Win the Battle Against Malaria 4. Summary This report attempts to examine the benefits and drawbacks between different methods of combating malaria in Southern Africa, including rate of success, time, cost, and other socio-economic factors. 5. Introduction Exploring the methods for evaluating available options for combating malaria, and the relative successes of different options over the past five years. 6. Topic sentences 1. Insecticide treated nets have been proven to protect people from malaria, by both preventing physical contact, and killing the mosquito. 2. Community based work projects to reduce mosquito breeding grounds have been successful. 3. Indoor residual spraying remains one of the most widely used methods of vector control. 4. All of the discussed methods for the prevention of malaria work to some degree, but is it more beneficial to take a proactive or reactive stance? . What is the most successful and cost effective way to combat malaria, and how can we implement these measures? 6. With community work and adequate resources, malaria could be greatly reduced over the next decade. 7. Conclusion Having examined the different malaria prevention methods, and weighing their pros and cons, there are many possible solutions. 8. Recommendations 9. Appendix 10. References Table of Contents for Malaria Prevention ContentsPage no Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Prevention methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2. 1 Insecticide treated nets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2. 2 Community based work projects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 3 Indoor residual spraying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 3. Success and Cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 3. 1 Proactive and reactive approaches†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. 2 Striking a medium between cost and success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 3 Future success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 4. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 5. Recommendaions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 6. Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 7. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Exercise 3 Bringing it all together Now that you have an understanding of the content and structure of a report, it is time to put that knowledge to use. 1. Using one of the reports that we read last session, map out the topic sentences, then construct a table of contents. Tips for writing a report †¢ Write in plain English †¢ Select an appropriate title †¢ Use your spell checker †¢ Start writing †¢ Use your Report Map †¢ Sleep on it †¢ You don’t need to start at the beginning †¢ Be engaging †¢ Use language the will be comprehensible by your intended audience How to cite Report Writing: Style and Structure, Essay examples

Japan And Thailand Essays (2759 words) - , Term Papers

Japan And Thailand GEOGRAPHY ESSAY Thailand and Japan are two countries situated in the Australian, Asian and Pacific (A.A.P) region. There are many similarities and differences in their physical and human geographies. Japan is an archipelago of 3900 mountainous islands with a total land size of 377 835km2. Located in East Asia along the 'Pacific Ring of Fire' Japan ranges from North 50 30I to 210 and East 970 3I to 1030 3I. In contrast, Thailand is a larger country with a total landmass of 511 770km2. It is located in South East Asia on the Indo-China and Malayan peninsula. Thailand's landmass ranges from 70 5I to 200 5I North and 970 to 105o 41 East. Thailand has a tropical climate that experiences monsoonal influences, whereas Japan has a diverse climate, ranging from sub-tropical in the south to alpine conditions on the elevated peaks. Japan has an aging population, which is twice the size of Thailand's. 90% of Japan's 126 million people live on only 20% of its dry land. Dissimilarly, Thailand's population is more evenly spread with a distribution of 117 persons per km2. Japan is a More Developed country (M.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$34 500, which makes it Asia most affluent country. Japan Economy relies on services and high technology industries. Thailand is a Less-Developed country (L.D.C) with a GNP per capita of US$8 800. Thailand's population relies more on a subsistence way of life. In fact 75% of its inhabitants making their living from farming. Japan is an island archipelago with over 3900 islands. The four main islands, Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku stretch for over 3 800 kilometres. The country situated on the edge of large tectonic plates which are constantly moving providing an unpredictable countryside. The Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait and the East China Sea surround the Japanese archipelago. Unlike Japan, Thailand is not a group of islands, it is however a larger country with a land area of 511 770km2. Thailand's extends 2500km from North 50 30I to 210 and 1250km from East 970 3I to 1030 3I. The most southern land extends down the Malayan peninsula and borders with Malaysia. The country also borders with Burma, Laos and Cambodia as well as the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Thailand. Similarly, both Japan and Thailand have elevated landscapes. Japan physical geography is described as rugged and mountainous. Over 80% of the land is at an elevated level and there are 532 mountains over 2000 metres. The mountain ranges extend across the islands from north to south. The main ranges are located throughout the central areas of the four main islands. The highest mountain is on Honshu, Mt Fuji is 3776m above sea level, other large mountains are Mt Kita, 3192m, Mt Hotaka 3190m and Mt Asahi 2290m. The lowest point is Hachiro-gata and -4m below sea level. Thailand is described as a hilly country with some mountains located in the North and South. The highest mountain is Inthanon Mountain at 2595m; other substantial mountains are Luang Chiang Dao at 2182 and Mt Mokochu at 1964m. There are many volcano located on the Japanese islands, of which 60 are still active. There are over 1500 earthquakes reported each year, most cause little or no damage but some can be disastrous. In contrast, there are no active volcanoes in Thailand and only minor earthquakes occur. Japan experiences seismic activity such as volcanoes and earthquakes because it is located on the edge of large tectonic plates which are regularly moving. These plates are what cause Japan to have such an elevated landform. Thailand only experiences earthquakes because it is located on an area of folding and not the edge of tectonic plates. Edges of the tectonic plates run throughout Asia and have become known as 'the Pacific Ring of Fire'. Compared to Japan, Thailand has very few forest and trees. Substantial amounts of land have been cleared for agricultural purposes. Only 25% of the land has been left with coverings of forests and woodlands. Japan has 68% of land surfaced with forests and woodlands. 34% of Thailand's landmass is considered arable, which enables it to be cultivated. In contrast, only 11% of Japanese land in considered